Obesity Is The Number One Health Problem Of The 21st Century

Over the years, America has become an obese nation. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) affirms that obesity is the number one health problem of the 21st century. Two-thirds of states in America have adult obesity rates about 25% (Snaric, 2010). There are many factors that contribute to Americas obesity including, socioeconomics, fast food, and emotional influences. Socioeconomics is the interaction of social and economic factors (Merriam-Webster). Socioeconomics is linked to obesity because it causes individuals with less money to become more likely to be overweight. Low-income families have a higher rate of obesity. A study found that 35.3% of adults who earn less than $15,000 a year in salary are obese. This study is compared with 24.5% of adults who earn $50,000 or more a year who are obese (Snaric, 2010). It is easier for families with low income to find deals on junk food rather than nutritious foods. Sociologists also found that poor neighborhoods are more likely to only have convenient stores near them, thus making it easy for families to buy food without having to worry about travel money. However, convenient stores are filled with junk foods that are loaded with sugar and empty calories. Junk food gives low-income families more food for their money as opposed to healthy foods (Snaric, 2010). Dr. Adam Drewnowski of University of Washington studied that foods produced by subsidized crops, like French fries and soda, cost five times lessShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography: Obesity828 Words   |  3 PagesHills, A., et.al., eds. (2007). Children, Obesity Exercise. New York: Routledge. Americas children are not getting enough exercise, and the health risks due to obesity are becoming epidemic in nature. Even First Lady Michelle Obama is supporting an initiative to help children become more active and to provide for exercise (at least 30-60 minutes per day) in all schools. Even limited amounts of exercise can have great health benefits. When humans exercise, the brain produces chemicals that helpRead MoreChildhood Obesity : One Of The Most Serious Public Health Problem981 Words   |  4 PagesChildhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century. According to PMC, the US Library of National Health and Medicine and National Institutes of Health, over 42 million children under the age of five are obese worldwide in 2010, and that number continues to ascend at an alarming rate. Obesity occurs the body stores an excess amount of fat, and is more than what the person needs to survive. Some scientists have argued that males are considere d obese when they areRead MoreApplying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care904 Words   |  4 PagesApplying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care Jerusha Palmer University of Phoenix –HCS 465 Research Utilization Dr. Joe Clift October 1, 2012 Applying the Results and Conclusion of the Research Process to Problems in Health Care Data collection procedures are appropriate and very important for this study because it is the procedures that will be used based on the type of survey that was taken also based on the age group surveyed for pertinentRead MoreThe Scientific Methods Of Research Inquiry1247 Words   |  5 Pagescredible data and conclusion on their research. It is realized that the usage of this methods are advantageous to anybody including business people, for as long as one follows the steps they will be sure of getting a credible outcome at the end of the day. I would emphasize that people should employ this method a lot because they ensure that one analyzes their hypotheses by experimenting it then finally analyzing and concluding it thus preventing falsified data. However, it should be stated that an invalidRead MoreThe Effects Of Obesity On Adolescents : Childhood Obesity1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Obesity on Adolescents Childhood obesity is one of the most serious public health problems in the 21st century. According to PMC, the US Library of National Health and Medicine and National Institutes of Health, over 42 million children under the age of five are obese worldwide in 2010, and that number continues to ascend at an alarming rate. Obesity occurs when the body stores an excess amount of fat that is not necessary for the person’s survival. Some scientists have argued thatRead MoreChildhood Obesity: Effects and Solutions819 Words   |  3 Pagesmillions of people through disease. Ironically, a 21st century pandemic is that many in the developed world, through a combination of a sedentary lifestyle, a high-fat diet, and sugary drinks, become obese to the point in which it having a serious negative affect on their health. Medical doctors, scholars, researchers are all in agreement that there is a complete link between what we eat and drink, and the consequences to our overall health. One nee d only look in the newspaper, magazines, groceryRead MorePolicy Priority Issue : The Childhood Obesity Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesPolicy priority issue: The childhood obesity Childhood obesity is one of the major public health challenges of the 21st century. The prevalence of obesity is increasing globally. In 2013, the number of overweight children under the age of five was estimated over 42 million. Childhood obesity can cause premature death and disability in adulthood. Overweight and obese children will grow up to become obese adults and are more likely to develop diseases like cardiovascular diseases and diabetes at aRead MoreObesity Is A Major Problem1234 Words   |  5 Pagesfour decades, the rate of obesity in America has been on the increasing end; two out of three Americans are either obese or overweight. The obesity epidemic has become a major problem in the United States which caused many serious effects on individual and society. It is an indiscriminate problem that negatively affect everyone from adults to children; which is a significant threat to the health of humanity that needs to be eliminated. First, we need to know what obesity is. According to OxfordRead More Prevention of Obesity Essay1265 Words   |  6 Pagesto the prevention of obesity. An insight into the prevalence of obesity as well as the causes and its effects shall be evaluated. Public health strategies on the prevention of obesity and its effects in relation to Government strategies shall be addressed. A snapshot about the role of the nurse as an educator in relation to this public health issue as well as strategies formulated by Hillingdon PCT to prevent obesity and how it focuses on other diseases associated with obesity shall be discussedRead MoreObesity Statistics And Rankings : Obesity1442 Words   |  6 PagesObesity Statistics and Rankings The first national survey conducted in United States was in 1963. Many of the studies have suggested that child obesity epidemic is recent and unexpected. Over the last three decades, obesity rates have tripled in the U.S. One out of six children is obese and a one out of three child is overweight. The United States is ranked number one in the world. There has been some control and steadiness in the child obesity rates since 2008, but there are some

Effects Of Breast Cancer Development - 726 Words

Breast cancer development involves a specialized cell surface protein which is thought to regulate growth of tumor cells. Dr. Marcia L. Graves et at. investigated the effects of this protein in breast cancer cells and found that it promotes development and movement of breast cancer cells. DNA can be experimentally manipulated in cells in order to highlight the effects of certain protein functions. Overexpression of podocalyxin was induced in the DNA which means that the production of this cell membrane protein was increased. Having done this, Graves et at. were able to compare normal breast cancer cells (wild-type) to breast cancer cells that overexpressed podocalyxin. Movement of breast cancer cells results in the formation of small†¦show more content†¦The line that is added to the graph represents an average number which shows that podocalyxin cells (MCF-7 Podo) have a higher number of micro-nodules surrounding the primary tumor compared to the control cells (MCF-7 contro l). On the other hand, graph F shows the ratio of the number of tumor micro-nodules to the tumor volume. Here we can see once again that MCF-7 podocalyxin cells have a higher ratio, supporting the finding that podocalyxin overexpression regulates tumor budding by increasing its frequency. Budding is what causes the progression and enlargement of the cancer and it is accompanied by the help of actin cytoskeleton-dependent processes (Graves et. al). Actin cytoskeletons are protein filaments that are responsible for movement and migration of cellular components, such as the membrane. Graves et at. reinforced that actin cytoskeleton dependent processes within the cell promote tumor cell movement and together with podocalyxin helps the separation of the micro-nodules from the primary tumor. In a 2-D layer culture, Graves et. al scratched the culture surface and stimulated the cells with EGF, which is a growth factor that stimulates cell growth, of both MCF-7 control cells and MCF-podo c ells. It was found there was more actin containing lamellipodia was found in MCF-7 podo cells 16 hours after scratching. Lamellipodia occurs when the cell migrates and acts as an extension of the cell that helps it adhere toShow MoreRelatedOnset of Breast Cancer1078 Words   |  4 PagesOnset of breast cancer: Introduction: DNA makeup our gene in each cell which control our functions. Gene which increases cell division are called oncogene,others which slow down cell division, or cell die at right time are called tumor suppressor gene.Certain changes or mutation in DNA turn on oncogene or turn off tumor suppressor gene to cause normal breast cell to become cancerous.the stem cell mutation are the actual root of cancer which causes cancer again and again we use different strategiesRead MoreHow Does Aluminum Affect The Effect Of Breast Cancer? Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages so its ability to induce breast cancer shouldn’t be considered farfetched (Darbre, Mannello, Exley, 2013). It is classified as a xenoestrogen, along with BPA, parabens, and phthalates; this implies that it has estrogen-like effects that can alter the function of natural estrogen, thus contributing to cancer (Konduracka, Krzemieniecki, Gajos, 2014). Aluminum is not a necessary component of the body, and has been widely regarde d as a neurotoxin, but its other effects are still unknown (MandriotaRead MoreCancer Is The Second Leading Cause Death Worldwide1402 Words   |  6 Pages Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, and the first in many developing countries. One in three women and one in two men in the United States will develop cancer in his or her lifetime. The burden of cancer continues to increase annually, mainly due to the aging and growth of the general population alongside a widespread display of cancer-causing behaviors, including physical inactivity and smoking. Approximately 12.7 million cancer cases and 7.6 million cancer deaths are estimatedRead MoreBreast Cancer : The Second Most Common Cause Of Cancer Essay1612 Words   |  7 Pages Breast Cancer Part A:- According to Cancer council Australia, Breast cancer was the second most common cause of cancer death in women in 2012 whereas it is expected to be the 3rd most common cause of cancer death this year. In 2012, 15166 cases of new breast cancer were diagnosed whereas the estimated number of new breast cancer diagnosis in 2016 is about 16084 with 90% five year survival rate. (Cancer Australia â€Å", 2016). Breast cancer accounts 12.3% of all cancer diagnosis and 6Read MoreCorina Tabron. 4/28/2017. Bio 351-02. Summary And Critique986 Words   |  4 PagesCorina Tabron 4/28/2017 BIO 351-02 Summary and Critique of Cyclin D1 amplification is highly homogeneous in breast cancer The Cyclin D1 gene is a researchable protein researchers believe have ties to the development of breast cancer tumors. The body has many mechanisms in which it regulates many things; the temperature of the body, the menstrual cycle, production of certain cells. The Cyclin D1 protein assists in regulating the cell cycle. CCND1 specifically aids in regulating the G1 phase.Read MoreBreast Cancer : A Complex And Heterogeneous Disease Caused By Genetic Mutations782 Words   |  4 PagesBreast cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease caused by both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. These factors include, mutations in breast cancer-associated genes 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) [1]; loss or aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor (ER) [2]; human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) overexpression [3] ; lack of ER, progesterone receptor (PR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression[4] ; high levels of receptor for the insulin-like growth factor receptorRead MoreE ssay Breast Cancer1675 Words   |  7 PagesBreast Cancer Breast cancer is a disease that is becoming more and more popular in this day of age. One in every eight women is diagnosed with breast cancer (Breast Cancer, 2010). Women and men who suffer from breast cancer not only are fighting cancer but are also fighting the psychological aspects of the disease. Breast Cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer among women in the United States right behind skin cancer. Women are now surviving breast cancer a lot more frequently becauseRead MoreThe Effects Of Herceptin On Cancer Models And Patients With Her2 + Breast Cancer1735 Words   |  7 Pagesepidermal growth factor 2) receptors found on breast cells( Tan, 2010) . HER2 is a receptor protein that is a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor family and is over expressed in approximately 10-20% of breast cancers that have amplification of the HER2 gene (Jatoi, et al., 2010). Herceptin has been found to selectively apply anti-tumor effects in cancer models and patients with HER2+ breast cancer (Gajria Chandarlapaty, n.d.). Although all normal breast cells present HER2 receptors on theirRead MoreCauses And Risk Of Breast Cancer1026 Words   |  5 PagesCauses risk of breast cancer Breast cancer is a disorder that mostly happens to women, as for men it is very rare. BRCA1 and BRCA2 work as DNA but when they are not replaced correctly it can lead to cancer. When BRCA1 and BRCA2 is mutated, or altered , such that its protein produced either is not made or doesn’t function correctly, DNA damage might no be repaired properly. When you have breast cancer you can also be at risk of lots of other cancers. The process of BRCA1 and BRCA2 usually happensRead MoreThe Treatment Of Breast Cancer950 Words   |  4 Pageskeep your body functioning correctly. When a cancer or a disease attacks healthy cells, it overtakes the entire cell’s functions and rapidly multiplies into other corrupt cells. It is very important to the safety of a person’s life to be educated on the effects of cancer and how to detect them, because it is a wildfire like disease, once it has spread it is extremely hard to control. Breast cancer intrigues me because I have a high risk of getting this cancer due to my family history; from my great aunts

Comprises Of Macro And Micro Factors Telstra Telecommunication

Question: Discuss abot the Marketing Fundamentals And Environmental Factor Comprises Of Macro And Micro Factors Telstra Telecommunication. Answer: Introduction The assignment discusses about Telstra which is a telecommunication and information service provider. Assignment discusses aboutmarketing environmental factor comprises of macro and micro factors. Macro factors are known as external to the company, while micro factors are known as internal for the company. Besides this there are some recommendations in which company should focus so to increase the competitive advantages (Telstra foundation, 2014). External or macro environment factors Supply power: Telstra has realized that its suppliers can have an impact over environment and society of Australia. Besides this, it was also analyzed by the company that it would have a major impact over its employees and society. The company has made rules for suppliers in such a way that it accomplishes safety, health and environmental aspects. Buyer power: Now days the focus of the company has been shifted from product based to accomplishing the needs and preferences of its customers. Competitor rivalry: the main competitor of Telstra is fixed line voice service providers. The completion has leaded the company to set better prices, innovation and investment plan. Threat from substitute: because of huge demand in telecommunication gadgets, has opened the availability of high level of protection. Threat of the new entry: due to innovation in technology, Telstra faces threats from new entrants as they would be well acquainted with hi-tech knowledge. Environmental factor: the company has ensured that its operations would least impact on environment. The company has established a private operator which can save up to 3000 tons of CO2 (Blythe, 2006). Internal or micro environment factors Competitive advantage: the company has a competitive advantage of Telstra are its wealth and size. This has resulted into making the company as the largest brand in Australia providing telecommunication strategy. Strength: the strength of the company is in making wireless and ADSL fixed line which provides 14.4mbps speed of internet. Corporate and business strategy: the employers of the company feel happy and satisfied in working with the company. The company considers satisfying its stakeholders as its primary responsibility (Nerney, 2008). Change in marketing environment and effect on competitive advantage In case of micro factors Telstra should make some changes in its pricing strategy; the prices set by the company are much higher as compare to other competitive companies. This would lead to competitive advantage because as the company is the market leader due to which it can easily achieve economies of scale. Besides this in case of macro factors Telstra should focus on diversifying its business operations. This would enhance the competitive advantage, as it would be very difficult to acquire Telstra Company and the market of the company would also increase (McGrath, 2013). Conclusion After analyzing the assignment it can be said that though Telstra has a brand image in the minds of Australian consumers, but to remain competitive for longer period company must diversify its operations and target market. References Blythe, J,. (2006) Principles practice of marketing, Cengage learning EMEA, London McGrath, R, G,. (2013) The end of competitive advantage: how to keep your strategy moving as fast as your business, Harvard business press, United States of America Nerney, C, M,. (2008) The influence of macro and micro contextual factors in interracial romantic relationships, ProQuest, Parkway Telstra foundation,. (2014) Making the connection essays on indigenous digital excellence. Retrieved on 7th March, 2017 from https://www.vividpublishing.com.au/makingtheconnection/Making_The_Connection_eTXT_screen.pdf

The Life And Works Of Frederick Chopin Essays (2399 words)

The Life And Works Of Frederick Chopin The Life and Works of Frederick Chopin The 1830s have been called the decade of the piano because during that period the piano and the music written for it played a dominant role in European musical culture. The piano had, of course, already been popular for more than half a century, but by the third decade of the nineteenth century, changes in the instrument and its audience transformed the piano's role in musical life. As the Industrial Revolution hit its stride, piano manufacturers developed methods for building many more pianos than had previously been feasible, and at lower cost. Pianos ceased to be the exclusive province of the wealthy; an expanding middle class could also aspire to own them and make music at home. Thousands of amateur pianists began to take lessons, buy printed music, and attend concerts. Virtuosos like Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Sigismund Thalberg, and Franz Liszt became the first musical superstars, touring Europe and astonishing audiences with music they had composed to display their piano technique . Frederick Chopin was born in a small village named Zelazowa Wola located in Poland on March 1st, 1810. His passionate love of music showed itself at an early age. There are stories, for instance, of how when his mother and sister played dances on their grand piano he would burst into tears for the sheer beauty of the sounds he heard. Soon he began to explore the keyboard for himself and delighted in experimenting. By the age of seven he had become sufficiently good for his parents to try and find him a teacher. Their choice fell on Adalbert Zywny, a Bohemian composer then aged sixty-one and now remembered solely as Chopin's first teacher. Within a few months of beginning his studies with Zywny, Chopin began to play in public, and by the end of 1817, at the age of seven, had already been described by many as ?Mozart's successor'. Chopin began to compose around this time, and continued to do so throughout his student years, but only a handful of these works were printed. In the autumn of 1826, Chopin began studying the theory of music, figured bass, and composition at the Warsaw High School of Music. Its head was the composer J?zef Elsner. Chopin, however, did not attend the piano class. Aware of the exceptional nature of Chopin's talent, Elsner allowed him, in accordance with his personality and temperament, to concentrate on piano music but was unbending as regards theoretical subjects, in particular counterpoint. Chopin, endowed by nature with magnificent melodic invention, ease of free improvisation, and an inclination towards brilliant effects and perfect harmony, gained in Elsner's school a solid grounding, discipline, and precision of construction, as well as an understanding of the meaning and logic of each note. This was the period of the first extended works such as the Sonata in C minor, Variations, on a theme from Don Juan by Mozart, the Rondo ? la Krakowiak, the Fantaisie, and the Trio in G minor. Chopin ended his education at the High School in 1829, and after the third year of his studies Elsner wrote in a report: Chopin, Fryderyk, third year student, amazing talent, musical genius. After completing his studies, Chopin planned a longer stay abroad to become acquainted with the musical life of Europe and to win fame. Up to then, he had never left Poland, with the exception of two brief stays in Prussia. In 1826, he had spent a holiday in Bad Reinertz (modern day Duszniki-Zdr?j) in Lower Silesia, and two years later he had accompanied his father's friend, Professor Feliks Jarocki, on his journey to Berlin to attend a congress of naturalists. Here, quite unknown to the Prussian public, he concentrated on observing the local musical scene. Now he pursued bolder plans. In July 1829 he made a short excursion to Vienna in the company of his acquaintances. Wilhelm W?rfel, who had been staying there for three years, introduced him to the musical environment, and enabled Chopin to give two performances in the K?rtnertortheater. He enjoyed his tremendous success with the public, and although the critics censured his performance for its small volume of sound, they acclaimed him as a genius

Using Animals for Research

Table of Contents Introduction Why Use Animals Research Consideration Successes of Animal Research Ethical Issues in Using Animals for Research Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Researches have played a major role in improving the health standards of human beings and animals in general. In the past, pandemics and epidemics used to rein terror on human beings and animals. Diseases like Rinderpest, chickenpox, and plaque used to claim the lives of many individuals, however successful researches provided cures for these diseases and they no longer pose any threat. In order to find successful cures for human beings, it has proved necessary to use animals in research.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Using Animals for Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Research using animals has in turn proved to be very reliable and efficient; many of the cures that have been developed have in one way or the othe r involved animal research. Using animals in research should therefore not be opposed rather should be unanimously endorsed. Why Use Animals Using animals in research, not only benefit human beings but also animals. It has been a known fact that human beings and animals are closely related and they get many of the same illnesses. Some animals are known to stand in for humans with particular diseases. In general, animal research is the type of research, survey, experiment that involves vertebrates such as mice, pigs and primates. On the other hand, clinical research is the study that entails scientists to use humans. These studies are critical and for research to reach this stage there must have been prior extensive preliminary tests in animal research studies. It is thus logical that animals be used to improve their lives and that of human beings. The world keep on fluctuating with many new diseases reported at every historical epoch (Sharp 1). It is thus obvious that emergence of n ew diseases, resistance of existing one and the need of developing vaccines makes research inevitable. These diseases and various ailments affect the immune system of animals and humans, making it weak and unable to withstand or combat the antigens. These activities take place in the body of a being and there is no way one can understand the nature of the antigens without dissecting the respective affected beings. Since the being’s immune system has failed to prevent the body from the attacks, there is no way a sick or dead organism can become ideal for conducting successful research on devising the cure of the disease that has already defeated its immune system. The affected being is crucial in understanding the nature of the disease but another healthy being is even more important in devising a cure (Herren 67). Based on the need to create a disease free world, it is inevitable to avoid research. Given the fact that researches in medical and scientific fields are inevitable , animals become the ideal and most appropriate specimen to use since human beings cannot be used in the preliminary researches.Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human beings have also become increasingly used in researches. For a medicine or a vaccine to be verified and proved successful, then at one time, or the other, human beings must be used in the research work. If human beings can be used in the research work then there is no way that animals can be exempted (Kalat 23). Research Consideration Contrary to what has been the main argument in opposing use of animals in research work, all medical and scientific researches are carefully planned including research with animals. Animals are not, unjustifiably exploited nor put through painful experiments without an important agenda. The researchers weigh several sensitive considerations before approving each study. In medical res earch using animals as specimen, the most important aspect to take into account is the relevance of the research to human or animal health. Researchers contrary to what has been the general notion protect animals’ welfare. Researchers only use the most appropriate species and in the fewest numbers possible (Greenhaven Staff 12). Almost all researchers in ensuring that all animals are treated in the most humane way enduring the least distress follow the federal law in the US. Animals should be used and have always been used in researches because of the various formidable reasons. Animals are used because they are in many ways like human beings especially in the normal and basic body functioning like breathing, eating, hearing and seeing. Nature has been regarded as economical and the same processes are known to be recycled over time. By using animals, scientists are assured of finding crucial and linking comparisons with human beings. Some diseases like the one caused by tsets e fly affect both animals and human beings (Chiras 34). Animals are thus the perfect specimen to use when in the process of conducting a research; it is impractical or unethical to use humans. Animals are also known to be susceptible to the same health problems like the one affecting human beings. They are therefore convenient, taking into account that they also have short life cycles. Moreover, the various medical research centers are able to control and diversify the environment around the animal for example diet, temperature and lighting, something that s almost impractical to try on people. Human beings cannot be exposed to health risks for researchers to observe the course of a disease.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Using Animals for Research specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Successes of Animal Research Researches using animals have been very successful and there is no founded reason to stop or o ppose these endeavors. Some of the most successful studies using animals have been highlighted below. Heart disease and its related conditions affect almost a quarter of the US population costing more than three hundred billion dollars in budget allocation and is the number one killer. Using animals such as dogs and cats, the basic heart mechanism have been studied and in fact, the study with dogs immensely contributed to the basic methods of controlling heart disease being devised. The modern heart treatment methods were also devised after successful study with dogs. Heart transplants, cardiac bypass, angioplasty and other treatments all resulted from this study with dogs; in addition, the various methods of diagnosis and treatment were also developed. These are electrocardiography, coronary blood flow measurements among others. HIV/AIDS has become one of the most feared pandemic to, ever hit, the earth. All countries of the world are affected in one way or the other, the hardest h it being in the sub-Saharan Africa. To this date, there is no cure that has been found for the pandemic. However various advancements have been made, the comprehensive understanding of the viruses that causes the pandemic has been derived from the study of similar viruses in monkeys, chicken and cats. Vaccines are in the process of being tested on mice and monkeys before being administered on volunteers (Research Development 2). In the past, bacteria infections were deadly and fatal; they were the main causes of death ad other acute diseases. Although in the contemporary modern world bacterial infections are extremely common and have affected people on numerous occasions during their lifetime, they are now readily treatable with antibiotics. With animals in research, in this case mice and other rodents, penicillin and other antibiotics were established as effective treatments for bacterial infections. Animals thus continue to provide crucial information to scientists on ways of comb ating certain deadly diseases (The American Physiological Society 10).Advertising Looking for research paper on biology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Ethical Issues in Using Animals for Research The concern over the ethical issues arising in the use of animals has always been voiced. Those that oppose the use of animals being used in researches feel that animals are living beings and if people would not wish to be subjected to pain, then, it is ethically wrong to do the same to helpless animals. Those people who keep animals as pets feel much offended by the use of animals in research as they describe their relationship with the animals as equivalent to that with human beings. They talk of compassion, love, loyalty and so forth. It has also been argued that students may sometimes fail to euthanize animals for research and thus subjecting them to undesirable pain. There are no measures in place to ensure such kinds of students are deterred (Herren 325). Conclusion Using animals in research is desirable. Scientists do not conclusively understand human biology to an extent of directly applying new medical treatments on people or the daily evolving surgical procedures and processes. The desire to look for lifesaving cures cannot be overlooked as this is the desire of humanity to have a society where human suffering ad agony is minimal. Using animals especially in biomedical researches is thus inevitable and objective. Works Cited Chiras, Daniel. Human Biology. Sudbury: Jones and Bartlett Learning, 2010. Print. Greenhaven staff. Should Animals Be Used in Scientific Research? Greenhaven: Greenhaven Press, 1987. Print. Herren, Ray. The science of animal agriculture. New York: Delmar, 2000. Kalat, James. Biological Psychology.Belmont: Wadsworth, 2008. Research Development. ‘‘Use of Animals in Research’’ Research Development , 2009. 07 Apr. 2011. https://www.research.va.gov/programs/animal_research/ Sharp, Richard. ‘‘Ethical issues in the use of Animals in Biomedical Research.’’ Baylor College of Medicine, 2004. 07 Apr. 2011. https://ori.hhs.gov/education/products/ ncstate/biomedical.htm The American Physiological Society. ‘‘Why do scientists use animals in research?’’ Bethesda, 2006. 07 Apr. 2011. https://www.the-aps.org/career/policy-advocacy/animal-research/Why-do-scientists-use-animals-in-research?SSO=Y This research paper on Using Animals for Research was written and submitted by user Barracuda to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays

The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Essays The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper The Middle English Period (1100-1500) Paper social life fashion and learning . So, English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer. The changes that occurred during this period may be noted in every aspect of the language : in its sounds, in the meanings of its words and in the nature of word stock, where many Old English words were replaced by French ones( like cafe and chef). Also, many of the grammatical distinctions of the Old English period disappeared. Medieval Culture The Middle Ages saw the emergence of great changes in English culture. The violent times of the Dark Ages had led to a primitive society lacking in elegance or refinement . The Middle Ages saw society changing due to the influence from various foreign cultures . The Characteristics of the Medieval Culture The society was organized as a pyramid of sorts. The nobles were at the top, with a great many peasants at the bottom. Peasants worked on the land and lived in rough huts, which they often shared with their animals. They slept on straw mattresses on the floor. In the middle were the scientists, merchants, craftsmen. Attitudes towards women changed. Now, women were treated with respect. But, women were seen as helpless, beautiful, and pure . In Europe during the Middle Ages the only recognized religion was Christianity, in the form of the Catholic religion. The lives of the Medieval people of the Middle Ages was dominated by the church. The Normans were tremendous builders of castles built much of what we now see as the surviving medieval look of England. The Linguistic Features of the ME Middle English spelling Consonants Most of the Old English consonant sounds remained unchanged in Middle English. Important spelling differences occur, however, most of them due to Anglo-Norman influence Some of the apparent innovations in middle English spelling were ,in fact, a return to earlier conventions. For example the diagraph th that had been used in some of the earliest English text but was replaced in later Old English by writing by ? and ? ; during the Middle English period ,th was gradually reintroduced again . Similarly, uu ,used for [w] in early manuscripts was brought back to England by Noman scribes in a ligatured form as w. The consonantal sound [v] did not occur initially in Old English . All Middle English words with initial v have been taken from Latin or French such as very, voice (French) ,vocal, vulgar (Latin). Ch was used in Middle English under French influence, to indicate the initial sound of child ,which in Old English had been spilled simply with c as in cild. The Old English hw (as in hw? t) was replaced by the Middle English wh (as in what) . The Old English cw (as in cwen ) was replaced by the Middle English qu (queen). French language was responsible for the Middle English spelling qu. The old English cg (ecg edge) was replaced by French gg in Middle English as egge edge. Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Vowels To indicate vowel length ,Middle English writing frequently employed double letters( e. g ee or oo). Final unstressed e following a single consonant also indicated vowel length in Middle English, as in fode (food) and fede (to feed). Short u in Old English was written o during the latter part of Middle English period if m,n,u were contiguous . The Middle English writings sone (son) and sonne (sun), thus indicate the same vowel sound [U] in old English respectively sunu and sunne. O for u servives in a number of Modern English words as son, come (OE cuman) and love (OE lufu). The French spelling ou was used to represent Old English long u(and sometimes short) as hous(OE hu? s) . In older inscriptions, documents, works and texts (nearer to Old English), you may find vowels with a macron (a bar) written above (like name). The macron simply tells you that the vowel is long, and follows the pronunciation guides above for long vowels. Also, any vowel written double (aa, ee, oo, uu) is long Middle English Pronunciation Middle English Consonants Most consonant sounds act like English. Since consonants in most words are nearly identical to their Modern English counterparts, lets focus on the differences. ?By default, the letters /th/ and /f/ are voiceless like in thing and fish. They are only voiced (like this and of) between two vowels: ferne, fowles, forward, oft VS. yfe, ofer, efer that, thoghte, thonder VS. bathen, sothe, fother ?The combination /wh/ represents the sound of h + w (like h) pronounced just before the start of the Modern English version of the word): whanne, what, who ? The letter /s/ sounds like seem, unless its between two vowels, then its like please:seyde, sothe VS. cosin. ?The sound of /r/ is typically trilled, like Spanish r :rood, ferne ? Initial stops in clusters gn- and kn- still pronounced: ME gnat, gnawen, knowen, knave ? Double consonants were lost in (OE mann ) Many words were borrowed from Old French (and much less frequently from Latin) beginning with[v] (for instance ,veal ,virtue ,visit) and later with [z]( for instance,zeal,zodiac). Middle English Vowels ?Long /a/ sounds like a lengthened version of father (pronounced for a slightly longer time). Short /a/ sounds more like pat:name (or naame) VS. bak ? Long /e/ sometimes sounds like the /e/ of they and other times like the /e/ of let (both sounds held out for a longer time). Short /e/ sounds like let:sweete, breeth, mete VS. tendre ? Long /i/ or /y/ sounds like seem, while short /i/ or /y/ sounds like sit or seem pronounced for a shorter amount of time: my, ire VS. ynogh ? Long /o/ sometimes sounds like boo and other times like British rock (both for a slightly longer time). Short /o/ always sounds like the /o/ in British rock: good, wo VS. oft, holt ? Long /u/ sounds like cue, while short /u/ sounds like full:nature VS. unstraunge ? The final e on many words may be sounded if it helps the meter of an individual line. ?E. g. , When that Aprille with his shoures sote The droughte of Marche hath perced to the rote

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry Essay

Strategy Development in the Global Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industry - Essay Example However, with the passage of time, the company realised that they had to compete with other companies in the global arena. Oil companies such as Exxon were giving Shell a run for their money because they were globally managed. In order to respond to this trend, the company opted to change its corporate governance style. They opted to control almost all their downstream sectors through their headquarters in London and The Hague. (Shell, 2008) Corporate governance within Shell had been carried down from almost a century of its existence. In certain scenarios, some critics have argued that this form of structure has cost the company in a number of ways. This is largely because shareholders in the company do not have as much clout as members of the board. The disadvantage of this structural approach can arise when the shareholders feel that their rights are in danger but can do very little to protect it. Bp has been faced with a number of corporate governance challenges. First and foremost, the company grappled with accusations from critics who claimed that it was doing business with a group that had been responsible for human rights abuses in the Baku Ceyhan pipeline. To add insult onto injury, BP was also faced with huge problems in its pricing strategies. This was especially seen in the United Kingdom. In Colombia, the Company was confronted with a law suit where it had been accused of colluding with terrorists to protect their clients. It lost millions of pounds in paying off that settlement. This goes to show that when companies make miscalculations and fail to implement ethical codes, they are the ones who pay for it through expensive law suits and tarnished images. Business ethics Companies need to have specified code of conduct and ethics principles that will guide their day to day practices. Shell as a company has well written down rules that assist employees in sticking to the company's goals and principles. Some of these codes of conduct include; honesty, trust and integrity. While stakeholders and employees may be well aware of rules, abiding by them is another issue altogether. (Zenobank, 2008) The enormity of this matter came to fore during the 2004 business ethics disaster; at that time, the company announced that twenty percent of all the oil reserves that it claims to have a hold to were overestimated. The revelation of such a matter brought shock waves within the Oil trading sector and even resulted in the company's poor performance. In response to this issue, the company changed its leadership structures. This business dismissed its managing Director - Sir Philip Watts and also changed their management structures. Besides this, the company also responded by providing opportunities for whistle blowers to report any irregularities through an official company website. (Beasnat & Cummins, 2005) BP also has a valid code of ethics and its company purports to a sound code of conduct. However, much like its counterpart Shell, the company seems to have fallen short of these high expectations. An example of how the company did this was when it hired an expensive public relations manager to create an Image of an